The third game was interesting because Kasparov chose to use an irregular opening , the Mieses Opening. He believed that by playing an esoteric opening, the computer would get out of its opening book and play the opening worse than it would have done using the book. Although this is nowadays a common tactic, it was a relatively new idea at the time.
In this game Kasparov played the Caro-Kann Defence. Later on he had time problems and had to play in a hurry, as both players had two hours for the first 40 moves and Kasparov was approaching his time limit. As in the previous game, Deep Blue played a brilliant endgame that secured a draw, when it was looking as if Kasparov would win.
If White plays As in game 4, Kasparov played the Caro-Kann Defence. He then allowed Deep Blue to commit a knight sacrifice which wrecked his defences and forced him to resign in fewer than twenty moves. Increasing the number of moves a machine could look at in a second gave it the time to look much further into the future at where different moves would take the game.
Although it became the first machine to beat a world champion in a game under regular time controls, Deep Blue lost the overall match To up the move count, the team began upgrading the machine by exploring how they could optimise large numbers of processors working in parallel — with great success.
The final machine was a processor supercomputer that, more importantly, controlled custom intergrated circuits designed specifically to play chess. This custom design was what enabled the team to so highly optimise the parallel computing power across the chips. The result was a new version of Deep Blue sometimes referred to as Deeper Blue capable of searching around ,, moves per second. This meant it could explore how each possible strategy would play out up to 40 or more moves into the future.
By the time the rematch took place in New York City in May , public curiosity was huge. Reporters and television cameras swarmed around the board and were rewarded with a story when Kasparov stormed off following his defeat and cried foul at a press conference afterwards. But the publicity around the match also helped establish a greater understanding of how far computers had come.
What most people still had no idea about was how the technology behind Deep Blue would help spread the influence of computers to almost ever aspect of society by transforming the way we use data. These are highly complex problems that require rapid processing of large and complex datasets. Deep Blue gave scientists and engineers significant insight into the massively parallel multi-chip systems that have made this possible.
In particular they showed the capabilities of a general-purpose computer system that controlled a large number of custom chips designed for a specific application. The science of molecular dynamics , for example, involves studying the physical movements of molecules and atoms.
Custom chip designs have enabled computers to model molecular dynamics to look ahead to see how new drugs might react in the body, just like looking ahead at different chess moves. Molecular dynamic simulations have helped speed up the development of successful drugs, such as some of those used to treat HIV. For very broad applications, such as modelling financial systems and data mining , designing custom chips for an individual task in these areas would be prohibitively expensive.
But the Deep Blue project helped develop the techniques to code and manage highly parallelised systems that split a problem over a large number of processors. Today, many systems for processing large amounts of data rely on graphics processing units GPUs instead of custom-designed chips. In the United States presidential election, Kasparov described Republican front-runner Donald Trump as 'a celebrity showman with racist leanings and authoritarian tendencies', [] and criticised Trump for calling for closer ties with Vladimir Putin, [] and responded to Trump's running mate, Mike Pence, calling Putin a strong leader, that Putin is a strong leader 'in the same way arsenic is a strong drink'.
In , he condemned the violence unleashed by the Spanish police against the independence referendum in Catalonia on October 1. He wrote on Twitter: 'Despite unprecedented pressure from Madrid, Catalonian separatists won a majority.
Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence'. Among other opposition leaders attending were Alexey Navalny and Yevgenia Chirikova. Kasparov's style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine's.
Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads. He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in In his Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in For the Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, in helping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessaloniki canceled its offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates.
Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record [] follows:. Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the European Team Championship and played for Russia in the edition of that championship. He won a total of five medals. His detailed Euroteams record, from, [] follows. Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player file has his individual score from that event.
Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the No. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No. His rating has fallen inactive since the January rating list.
Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from to The details of this record winning streak follow: [27].
In , Acorn Computers acted as one of the sponsors for Kasparov's Candidates semi-final match against Viktor Korchnoi. Kasparov was awarded an Acorn Archimedes which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps the first western-made microcomputer to reach Baku at that time.
In , computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel invited Kasparov to his house, and the two of them discuss how a chess database program would be useful for preparation. Two years later, Friedel founded Chessbase, and gave a copy of the program to Kasparov who started using it in his preparation. In , Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some difficulty. On October 22, , Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match.
In December , Kasparov visited Frederic Friedel in his hotel room in Cologne, and played 37 blitz games against Fritz 2 winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9. Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game Kasparov's Gambit released by Electronic Arts in November In April , Intel acted as a sponsor for the first Professional Chess Association Grand Prix event in Moscow played a time control of 25 minutes per game. In May, Chessbase's Fritz 3 running on an IntelPentium PC defeated Kasparov in their first in the Intel Express blitz tournament in Munich, but Kasparov managed to tie it for first, and then win the playoff with 3 wins and 2 draws.
In , during Kasparov's world title match with Viswanathan Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a chess engine, an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years.
The first match was played in Philadelphia in and won by Kasparov. The match was the first defeat of a reigning world chess champion by a computer under tournament conditions. The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost quickly in Game 6. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in a match. A documentary film was made about this famous match entitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine. Kasparov said that he was 'not well prepared' to face Deep Blue in He said that based on his 'objective strengths' his play was stronger than that of Deep Blue.
In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's. After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened. IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match.
Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet. Machine' World Championship, against Deep Junior. After reaching a decent position Kasparov offered a draw, which was soon accepted by the Deep Junior team.
Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder. Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with black and at a standard time control. In June , Mindscape released the computer game Kasparov Chessmate with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer. In November , he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system.
After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D Man—Machine match ended in a draw. Kasparov continued to criticize the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point. He felt that he had outplayed the machine overall and played well. Kasparov has written books on chess. He published a controversial [] autobiography when still in his early 20s, originally titled Child of Change , later retitled Unlimited Challenge.
This book was subsequently updated several times after he became World Champion. Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games. He published an annotated games collection in Fighting Chess: My Games and Career [] and this book has also been updated several times in further editions. He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series and for other chess publications.
In , he co-authored Batsford Chess Openings with British grandmaster Raymond Keene and this book was an enormous seller. It was updated into a second edition in Kasparov has also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series Encyclopedia of Chess Openings. The page book analyzes the Kasparov versus the World game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game.
In , the first volume of his five-volume work Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors was published. Through suggestions on the book's website, most of these shortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations. Volume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky appeared in early The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of World Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger Viktor Korchnoi, was published in March His book Revolution in the 70s published in March covers 'the openings revolution of the s—s' and is the first book in a new series called 'Modern Chess Series', which intends to cover his matches with Karpov and selected games.
The book 'Revolution in the 70s' concerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessed in that decade. Such systems as the controversial at the time 'Hedgehog' opening plan of passively developing the pieces no further than the first three ranks are examined in great detail.
Kasparov also analyzes some of the most notable games played in that period. In a section at the end of the book, top opening theoreticians provide their own 'take' on the progress made in opening theory in the s. In the book, Kasparov writes about the need for an organization solely composed of democratic countries to replace the United Nations. In an interview, he called the United Nations a 'catwalk for dictators'.
Kasparov believes that the conventional history of civilization is radically incorrect. Specifically, he believes that the history of ancient civilizations is based on misdatings of events and achievements that actually occurred in the medieval period. He has cited several aspects of ancient history that he says are likely to be anachronisms.
Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology Fomenko , although with some reservations. My analytical abilities are well placed to figure out what was right and what was wrong.
Kasparov stuck to his game plan and strategy with White keeping a more closed position against Deep Blue. This was the most one-sided game of the match, and Kasparov was able to put the final nail in the coffin of Deep Blue, proving that man was still king of the royal game.
Kasparov vs. Deep Blue Rematch. The much anticipated rematch of man vs. Could the Deep Blue team create a stronger machine in one year to take on the world's best chess player? Many were skeptical, but Deep Blue was out to prove the rapid progress of artificial intelligence. Kasparov was shocked at Deep Blue's play in this game. Move 44 in the first game is said to be the result of a computer "bug" when the machine could not figure out what move to play and simply collapsed.
Game number two of the match was the most controversial encounter of the match. After the loss, Kasparov made it known that he felt that the IBM team cheated by receiving outside information from a grandmaster starting with move In a later interview in , Kasparov said after much analysis and looking at both his own and the computers' play that he takes back his conclusions on what happened during this game.
Coming in to play game three of the match, Kasparov's focus would be put to the test after round two's conflicts with the Deep Blue team.
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